How does biological theory view humans

Biological Perspective. January 17, Cherry, Kendra. What is the Biological Perspective? Genevieve's Biological Perspective Page.

McLeod, Saul. Simply Psychology. Psychology Perspectives. Thanks Indie for your enthusiasm. It's amazing how some will take research and twist it to fit their own agendas such as in the case of promoting eugenics. In psychology as in many other fields multiple perspectives are best to get a more well rounded view of human behavior. It certainly was an interesting topic to research!

A very interesting look at human biopsychology. It has always caused me to contemplate just how closely some humans can relate to animal behavior in some situations. By this I mean, some humans past and present feel that disposing of or sterilizing those with certain criminal, mental, physical differences will bring a more unified population, thus a stronger population.

While others have a more Darwinian thought process, believing these differences offer a stronger more positively diversified population that will sustain and guarantee the future of superior human propagation. While in the wild, some differences will get you either eaten or exiled, while other differences assure a stronger more resilient future species. The immune system is programmed to decline over time, which leads to an increased vulnerability to infectious disease and thus aging and death.

It is well documented that the effectiveness of the immune system peaks at puberty and gradually declines thereafter with advance in age. For example, as one grows older, antibodies lose their effectiveness, and fewer new diseases can be combated effectively by the body, which causes cellular stress and eventual death 3. Although direct causal relationships have not been established for all these detrimental outcomes, the immune system has been at least indirectly implicated 4.

The damage or error theory include 1 Wear and tear theory. Cells and tissues have vital parts that wear out resulting in aging. Like components of an aging car, parts of the body eventually wear out from repeated use, killing them and then the body. So the wear and tear theory of aging was first introduced by Dr.

August Weismann, a German biologist, in , it sounds perfectly reasonable to many people even today, because this is what happens to most familiar things around them. The rate-of-living theory of aging while helpful is not completely adequate in explaining the maximum life span 6.

The cross-linking theory of aging was proposed by Johan Bjorksten in 8. According to this theory, an accumulation of cross-linked proteins damages cells and tissues, slowing down bodily processes resulting in aging. Recent studies show that cross-linking reactions are involved in the age related changes in the studied proteins 9. This theory, which was first introduced by Dr.

Gerschman in , but was developed by Dr. Denham Harman 10 , 11 , proposes that superoxide and other free radicals cause damage to the macromolecular components of the cell, giving rise to accumulated damage causing cells, and eventually organs, to stop functioning.

The macromolecules such as nucleic acids, lipids, sugars, and proteins are susceptible to free radical attack. Nucleic acids can get additional base or sugar group; break in a single- and double-strand fashion in the backbone and cross link to other molecules. The body does possess some natural antioxidants in the form of enzymes, which help to curb the dangerous build-up of these free radicals, without which cellular death rates would be greatly increased, and subsequent life expectancies would decrease.

This theory has been bolstered by experiments in which rodents fed antioxidants achieved greater mean longevity. However, at present there are some experimental findings which are not agreed with this early proposal.

DNA damages occur continuously in cells of living organisms. While most of these damages are repaired, some accumulate, as the DNA Polymerases and other repair mechanisms cannot correct defects as fast as they are apparently produced.

In particular, there is evidence for DNA damage accumulation in non-dividing cells of mammals. Genetic mutations occur and accumulate with increasing age, causing cells to deteriorate and malfunction.

In particular, damage to mitochondrial DNA might lead to mitochondrial dysfunction. Since the s, it has been found that restricting calories can extend lifespan in laboratory animals Many studies were performed to try to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. However, this was not always the case. Evolution can be described as a change in species over time. Dinosaur fossils are significant evidence of evolution and of past life on Earth. Before taking into consideration that how life began, first of all we understand the term organic evolution.

It is naturally occurring and beneficial change that produces rising and inheritable complication. If the offspring of one form of life had a different and improved set of vital organs then this is called macroevolution, but the microevolution does not increase the complexity. By one or more mutation only size, shape and color are altered Taubes, Microevolution can be thought of as horizontal change, while macroevolution would involve vertical beneficial change in complexity.

So the combination of microevolution and time will not produce macroevolution. Evolutionists have the same opinion that microevolution takes place.

Since the start of history a minor change has been observed. But become aware of how frequently evolutionists give confirmation for microevolution to hold up macroevolution.

It is macroevolution which requires new abilities and rising complication, resulting from new genetic information and is the center of the creation-evolution argument Maher, For scientists theory refers to a well supported explanation.

Interference 3 — Over time these differences will shift the makeup of the population. He constructed the theory of Natural Selection from observing the finches in the Galapagos Islands and many other species across the world. In the process of evolution a series of natural changes cause species to arise, familiarize yourself to the environment, and turn out to be extinct. By the process of biological evolution all species originated. The term species refers to a group who can reproduce their fertile offspring.

Scientist classify the species with two scientific name first is genus name and second is species name like humans referred as Homo sapiens. In populations, there are variations or differences between individual members because of the variety of genes alleles.

Examples are skin color in humans, coat color in foxes. When there is a change in genes inherited from parents to offspring in different proportions then evolution occurs. These variations in genes arose for either 1 recombination of alleles when they sexually reproduce or 2 mutations.

Mutations are usually neutral or harmful. Sometimes they can be beneficial if the environment is under a state of change. Duplication or insertion mutation — Chromosome segments attach to a homologous chromosome that has lost the complementary segment.

Result one chromosome carries two copies of one gene. Inversion mutations — A segment of chromosome breaks off and then reattaches itself to the original chromosome backwards. Translocation mutations — A chromosome segment attaches itself to a nonhomologous chromosome.

These variations lead to adaptations. A single individual does not change by the result of evolution, while it causes the change by inherited means of growth and development that are specified for a population. The correlation figures below represent the average degree of similarity between the two people the higher the similarity, the more similar the IQ scores. However, there are methodological flaws which reduce the validity of twin studies. For example, Bouchard and McGue included many poorly performed and biased studies in their meta-analysis.

Also, studies comparing the behavior of twin raised apart have been criticized as the twins often share similar environments and are sometimes raised by non-parental family member.

It is important to appreciate that the human brain is an extremely complicated piece of biological machinery. The brain can influence many types of behavior.

In addition to studying brain damaged patients, we can find out about the working of the brain in three other ways.

Children begin to plan activities, make up games, and initiate activities with others. If given this opportunity, children develop a sense of initiative and feel secure in their ability to lead others and make decisions. We know so little about the brain and its functions are so closely integrated that brain surgery is usually only attempted as a last resort. This technique cured his epilepsy, but in the process the hippocampus had to be removed this is part of the limbic system in the middle of the brain.

Afterwards, H. So now we know the hippocampus is involved in memory. Electrodes are attached to the scalp and brain waves can be traced. During this, our brain waves begin to resemble those of our waking state though we are still fast asleep and it seems that this is when we dream whether we remember it or not.

More recently methods of studying the brain have been developed using various types of scanning equipment hooked up to powerful computers. Even more sophisticated is the PET scan Positron Emission Tomography which uses a radioactive marker as a way of studying the brain at work.

The procedure is based on the principle that the brain requires energy to function and that the regions more involved in the performance of a task will use up more energy. What the scan, therefore, enables researchers to do is to provide ongoing pictures of the brain as it engages in mental activity.