When certain tissues in the body cannot get adequate amounts of glucose, they depend on the breakdown of fatty acids for energy. When acetyl groups break off the fatty acid chains, the acetyl groups then non-enzymatically combine to form ketone bodies, acetoacetic acid, beta-hydroxybutyric acid, and acetone, all of which increase the acidity of the blood. Ketoacidosis can be severe and, if not detected and treated properly, can lead to diabetic coma, which can be fatal. A common early symptom of ketoacidosis is deep, rapid breathing as the body attempts to drive off CO 2 and compensate for the acidosis.
Another common symptom is fruity-smelling breath, due to the exhalation of acetone. Other symptoms include dry skin and mouth, a flushed face, nausea, vomiting, and stomach pain. Treatment for diabetic coma is ingestion or injection of sugar; its prevention is the proper daily administration of insulin. A person who is diabetic and uses insulin can initiate ketoacidosis if a dose of insulin is missed.
Among people with type 2 diabetes, those of Hispanic and African-American descent are more likely to go into ketoacidosis than those of other ethnic backgrounds, although the reason for this is unknown.
A variety of buffering systems exist in the body that helps maintain the pH of the blood and other fluids within a narrow range—between pH 7. A buffer is a substance that prevents a radical change in fluid pH by absorbing excess hydrogen or hydroxyl ions.
Several substances serve as buffers in the body, including cell and plasma proteins, hemoglobin, phosphates, bicarbonate ions, and carbonic acid. The bicarbonate buffer is the primary buffering system of the IF surrounding the cells in tissues throughout the body.
The respiratory and renal systems also play major roles in acid-base homeostasis by removing CO 2 and hydrogen ions, respectively, from the body. Skip to content Learning Objectives By the end of this section, you will be able to: Identify the most powerful buffer system in the body Identify the most rapid buffer system in the body Describe the protein buffer systems. Explain the way in which the respiratory system affects blood pH Describe how the kidney affects acid-base balance.
Chapter Review A variety of buffering systems exist in the body that helps maintain the pH of the blood and other fluids within a narrow range—between pH 7.
Review Questions. Critical Thinking Questions 1. Describe the conservation of bicarbonate ions in the renal system. Describe the control of blood carbonic acid levels through the respiratory system. Glossary hypercapnia abnormally elevated blood levels of CO 2 hypocapnia abnormally low blood levels of CO 2.
Solutions Answers for Critical Thinking Questions Bicarbonate ions are freely filtered through the glomerulus. They cannot pass freely into the renal tubular cells and must be converted into CO 2 in the filtrate, which can pass through the cell membrane. Sodium ions are reabsorbed at the membrane, and hydrogen ions are expelled into the filtrate. This can cause problems and will usually cause the program which caused the buffer overload to crash.
No, it is a poor buffer. The molarity of the buffer and the hydrogen concentration of the buffer. Log in. Human Anatomy and Physiology. See Answer. Best Answer. Study guides. Q: Which physiological buffer is the fastest? Write your answer Related questions. Which buffer system acts the fastest? What is a physiological buffer? What is the most common physiological buffer in the human body? What is an example of a physiological buffer? What organs function as the most important physiological buffer systems?
What are the body's two major physiological buffer systems for compensating for acid and base imbalances? What amino acid would work best as a buffer close to physiological pH? What is the following fastest mechanism of regulation of acid base balance? Additional bonnets can also be purchased as these will wear out over time. So it stands to reason that Chemical Guys, a boutique car detailing product manufacturer, built a great polisher to use with their products.
The slim, ergonomic design makes it easy to hold and control, with little vibration. The TORQ 10FX Random Orbital Polisher powers through swirls, scratches, and defects on any factory finishes and can be used to apply car wax and polish in mere minutes.
This user-friendly design allows for easy adjustment of the watt motor. It rotates at 1,, opm orbits per minute and works with any inch pad. This company has been a mainstay in car detailing for ages, and this variable polisher shows why they have a reputation for quality. The Meguiars MT Dual Action Polisher is a dual-action car buffer that is ideally suited for both car owners and professional auto-detailers alike.
And, this lightweight model weighs less than 5. The Meguiars MT Dual Action Polisher is ergonomically designed to provide a smooth, seamless operation that reduces fatigue over extended periods of use. It accommodates pads from inches in diameter, depending on the backing disc which you have to buy separately. It includes a digital torque management system, a thumb-adjustable speed dial, and a billet counterweight.
When combined, these features enable a controlled, precise operation that maintains buffer pad rotation and provides easy speed control. You also get a soft start feature when turning on the machine. The Meguiars MT Dual Action Polisher includes a powerful watt motor that enables it to remove swirl marks, scratches, and water spots with minimal effort and easily apply wax and polish. It offers a range from 3,, orbits per minute. All-in-all, this is a superb electric car buffer that truly delivers the kind of performance and reliability you would expect from Meguiars.
This ergonomic buffer is easy to control and comes with a 12 amp motor that offers , rpm. It features a non-marring rubber gear case to reduce the risk of accidentally scratching the car while you are polishing it. The Dewalt DWPX Variable Speed Polisher also features an ergonomic two-finger trigger, and a sculpted rear handle allows for a range of finger positions and grips. All of these features combine to create a powerful car buffing machine that is comfortable to use whether you are a one-car owner or a professional auto-detailer with hours of buffing work ahead of you.
Measuring around inches long, the Bosch Gpo 14 Ce Polisher is one of the larger electric car buffers available. However, the extra-long length of the Bosch Polisher does not detract from the effectiveness. Instead, the added handle length gives you an extra level of stability and precision to better handle the vast amount of power delivered by the huge 12 amp motor. The Bosch Polisher is a versatile buffer.
The ergonomic design allows for maximum adjustment and ease of use. It has six-speed settings and offers a range from , rpm. The Bosch Polisher weighs less than 6 pounds and is a bit noisy, but when it comes to the overall effectiveness and car buffing power, there is no beating the Bosch Tool Company. The Makita CX3 Electronic Polisher is a favorite among auto-detailing professionals and car enthusiasts alike for its robust power and control. You should never, ever, use a buffing tool on a dirty car.
That will just drag contaminants around and cause scratches. Have the vehicle fully washed and dried before starting the polishing process. These bonnets range from soft and gentle, to relatively coarse. While applying polish, move the buffer gently and evenly across the paint surface, with a slight rotating motion. Be sure not to leave the tool in one spot for extended periods of time, as that can introduce wear into the clear coat.
Also, look out for available speed settings. Cheap buffers usually spin at only one speed, while premium options come with a variety of slower or faster presets. Low settings are good for a gentle touch, while higher ones may be needed for more drastic paint correction.
We selected these products at a variety of price points, using personal experience in auto detailing, as well as expertise from publications like Car and Driver, AutoGuide , and The Drive. This Porter-Cable product brings a happy medium between a pro-grade and consumer buffer, putting a variable-speed orbital motor into a compact but comfortable casing.
Speed can be set anywhere between 2, and 6, OPM, with power supplied via an eight-foot cord. The polishing head offers six inches of coverage, with only one wool bonnet included. Additional six-inch pads are fortunately easy to find. One grip is placed near the bottom of the buffer, with a supplemental foregrip at the top which can be screwed into either a right hand or left hand position. This kit is about as affordable and easy as can be found, because it simply adds one or more buffing heads to any household electric drill.
The bonnets are all about four inches in diameter, with a few scrub brushes also included for jobs like scrubbing brake dust off of rims. The lack of control and small pad size make this product most useful for quick spot correction. This is about the most affordable price to be found for an orbital buffer. The head is six inches wide, and includes a wax applicator pad as well as one polishing bonnet.
It could possibly lead to hand cramps.
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